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Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma from 1977 until his death. Carlos Hugo was the Carlist pretender to the throne of Spain under the name ''Carlos Hugo I''. He sought to change the political direction of the Carlist movement through the Carlist Party, of which he was the official head during the fatal Montejurra Incident. He was born as a direct male descendant of Louis XIV in Paris and baptized ''Hugues Marie Sixte Robert Louis Jean Georges Benoît Michel''. On 28 June 1963 he was officially renamed ''Charles Hugues'', by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France. He was a French citizen, and from 1980, a naturalized Spanish citizen. His marriage to Princess Irene of the Netherlands in 1964 caused a constitutional crisis in the Netherlands. Carlos Hugo was the son of Xavier, Duke of Parma, and Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset. In 1977, his father died, and Carlos Hugo succeeded him claiming the thrones of Parma, Etruria and Spain. ==Carlism== Carlism is a Spanish political movement founded in the 19th century which, since the second half of the 20th century, upholds the claim of Carlos Hugo's branch of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne. In 1952, Carlos Hugo's father publicly laid claim to the Spanish throne as Javier I, but he was ignored by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, who later chose Juan Carlos to be his successor instead. On 5 May 1957 Javier proclaimed Carlos Hugo Prince of Asturias and Duke of San Jaime. In February 1964 Carlos Hugo assumed the title Duke of Madrid. After alienating many Carlists during the mid-1960s by his attempts to approach Franco (on whom a 1947 organic law had conferred the right to select a king to succeed himself as head of state)) Carlos Hugo's increasingly leftist politics prompted the prince to embrace Titoist socialism. As Xavier's health declined so too did his appearances as the Carlists' leader: two of Carlos Hugo's sisters living in Spain, both academics, publicly supported their brother's political transition, while his mother and brother, Prince Sixte-Henri, continued to live with his father in France and to adhere to traditional Carlism. Carlos Hugo assumed Carlist leadership in August 1975. During the Franco regime, the organization of Carlism has been known as the Traditionalist Communion. After Franco's death, also the Carlist movement was badly split, and unable to get wide public attention again. In May 1976, a year after Franco's death, two Carlist sympathizers were shot down by far-right terrorists during the annual Carlist convocation, among whom were Stefano Delle Chiaie and members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (''Triple A''), with logistic support of Francoist elements inside Spanish intelligence agencies and the Civil Guard.〔("Montejurra-76: crimen de Estado sin castigo" ), ''El Mundo'', 6 May 2001〕〔CARCEDO, Diego: ''Sáenz de Santamaría: el general que cambio de bando'', ISBN 84-8460-309-1〕 This incident became known as the Montejurra massacre.〔(Crimes of Montejurra (translation) ). Montejurra-jurramendi.3a2.com. Retrieved on 21 April 2014.〕 In the first democratic elections on 15 June 1977, only one Carlist senator was elected, journalist and writer Fidel Carazo from Soria, who ran as an independent candidate. In the parliamentary elections of 1979, Carlists integrated in the coalition ''Unión Nacional'', that won a seat in Congress for Madrid; but the elected candidate was Blas Piñar, Francoist leader of ''Fuerza Nueva''. Since then, Carlists have remained extra-parliamentary, obtaining only town council seats. Carlos Hugo abandoned his Carlist claims in 1979 and became a naturalised Spanish citizen as Carlos-Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón, by royal decree of King Juan Carlos. In 1980, he left the political arena, abandoning the new "Partido Carlista" which he had created. The party would later become a founding member of the United Left coalition. In 2002 Carlos Hugo donated his House's archives to Spain's national historical archives. This decision was opposed by his brother Sixtus. On 28 September 2003 at Arbonne in France, Carlos Hugo re-asserted his Carlist claim.〔(Palabras de S.A.R. el Príncipe Don Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma en al acto de imposición de cruces de la Orden de la Legitimad Proscrita, celebrado el domingo día 28 de septiembre de 2003 en Arbonne (Francia) ). Borbonparma.org. Retrieved on 21 April 2014.〕 He announced that he would use the title Count of Montemolin (conde de Montemolín) for himself, and that three of his children would have Carlist titles: Duke of Madrid (duque de Madrid) for his son Carlos, Duke of San Jaime (duque de San Jaime) for his son Jaime, and Duchess of Guernica (duquesa de Gernika) for his daughter Carolina. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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